The Personal Is Political - Meaning and Origin

The Personal Is Political - Meaning and Origin The personal is political was a frequently heard feminist rallying cry, especially during the late 1960s and 1970s. The exact origin of the phrase is unknown and sometimes debated. Many second-wave feminists used the phrase the personal is political or its underlying meaning in their writing, speeches, consciousness-raising, and other activities. The meaning has sometimes been interpreted to mean that political and personal issues affect each other.  It has also meant that the experience of women is the grounding of feminism, both personal and political.  Some have seen it as a kind of practical model for creating feminist theory: begin with the small issues with which you have personal experience, and move from there to the larger systemic issues and dynamics which may explain and/or address those personal dynamics. The Carol Hanisch Essay Feminist and writer Carol Hanischs essay titled The Personal is Political appeared in the anthology Notes From the Second Year: Womens Liberation in 1970. She is therefore often credited with creating the phrase. However, she wrote in an introduction to the 2006 republication of the essay that she did not come up with the title. She believed The Personal Is Political was selected by the editors of the anthology, Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt, who were both feminists involved with the group New York Radical Feminists. Some feminist scholars have noted that by the time the anthology was published in 1970, the personal is political had already become a widely used part of the womens movement and was not a quote attributable to any one person. The Political Meaning Carol Hanischs essay explains the idea behind the phrase the personal is political.  A common debate between personal and political questioned whether womens consciousness-raising groups were a useful part of the political womens movement. According to Hanisch, calling the groups therapy was a misnomer, as the groups were not intended to solve any womens personal problems. Instead, consciousness-raising was a form of political action to elicit discussion about such topics as womens relationships, their roles in marriage, and their feelings about childbearing. The essay came in particular out of her experience in  the Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) and as part of the womens caucus of that organization, and out of her experience in the New York Radical Women  and the Pro-Woman Line within that group. Her essay The Personal Is Political said that coming to a personal realization of how grim the situation was for women was as important as doing political action such as protests. Hanisch noted that political refers to any power relationships, not just those of government or elected officials. In 2006 Hanisch wrote about how the essays original form came out of her experience of working in male-dominated civil rights, anti-Vietnam War and left (old and new) political groups.  Lip service was given to womens equality, but beyond narrow economic equality, other womens issues were often dismissed.  Hanisch was particularly concerned about the persistence of the idea that womens situation was womens own fault, and perhaps all in their heads.  She also wrote of her regret at not anticipating the ways in which both The Personal Is Political and the Pro-Woman Line would be misused and subject to revisionism. Other Sources Among the influential works cited as bases for the personal is political idea are C. Wright Mills 1959 book The Sociological Imagination, which discusses the intersection of public issues and personal problems, and Claudia Jones 1949 essay An End to the Neglect of the Problems of Negro Women. Another feminist sometimes said to have coined the phrase is Robin Morgan, who founded several feminist organizations and edited the anthology Sisterhood is Powerful, also published in 1970.Gloria Steinem has said that it is impossible to know who first said the personal is political and that saying you coined the phrase the personal is political would be like saying you coined the phrase World War II.  Her 2012 book,  Revolution from Within, has been cited as a later example of the use of the idea that political issues cannot be addressed separately from the personal. Critique Some have critiqued the focus on the personal is political because, they say, it has meant a focus more exclusively on personal issues such as family division of labor, and has ignored systemic sexism and political problems and solutions.

Macbeth Quotes from William Shakespeares Famous Tragedy

'Macbeth' Quotes from William Shakespeare's Famous Tragedy Macbeth is one of William Shakespeares great tragedies. Theres murder, battles, supernatural portents, and all the other elements of a well-worked drama. Here are a few quotes from Macbeth. First Witch: When shall we three meet againIn thunder, lightning, or in rain?Second Witch: When the hurlyburlys done,When the battles lost and won.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.1Fair is foul, and foul is fair.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.1What bloody man is that?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.2Sleep shall neither night nor dayHang upon his pent-house lid.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3The weird sisters, hand in hand,Posters of the sea and land,Thus do go about, about.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3What are theseSo witherd and so wild in their attire,That look not like the inhabitants o the earth,And yet are on t?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3If you can look into the seeds of time,And say which grain will grow and which will not.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3Stands not within the prospect of belief.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3Say, from whenceYou owe this strange intelligence? or wh yUpon this blasted heath you stop our wayWith such prophetic greeting?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3 Or have we eaten on the insane rootThat takes the reason prisoner?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3What! can the devil speak true?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1. 3Two truths are told,As happy prologues to the swelling actOf the imperial theme.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3Present fearsAre less than horrible imaginings.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3Nothing isBut what is not.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3Come what come may,Time and the hour runs through the roughest day.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.3Nothing in his lifeBecame him like the leaving it; he diedAs one that had been studied in his deathTo throw away the dearest thing he owed,As t were a careless trifle.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.4Theres no artTo find the minds construction in the face.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.4More is thy due than more than all can pay.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.4 Yet do I fear thy nature;It is too full o the milk of human kindness.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.5What thou wouldst highly,That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false,And yet wouldst wrongly win.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.5Come, you spiritsThat tend on mortal thoughts! unsex me here,And fill me from the crown to the toe top fullOf direst cruelty; make thick my blood,Stop up the access and passage to remorse,That no compunctious visitings of natureShake my fell purpose.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.5Come to my womans breasts,And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.5Come, thick night,And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,That my keen knife see not the wound it makes,Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark,To cry, Hold, hold!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.5Your face, my thane, is as a book where menMay read strange matters. To beguile the time,Look like the time; bear welcome in your eye,Your hand, your t ongue: look like the innocent flower,But be the serpent under t.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.5 This castle hath a pleasant seat; the airNimbly and sweetly recommends itselfUnto our gentle senses.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.6The heavens breathSmells wooingly here: no jutty, frieze,Buttress, nor coign of vantage, but this birdHath made his pendent bed and procreant cradle:Where they most breed and haunt, I have observed,The air is delicate.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.6If it were done when tis done, then twere wellIt were done quickly: if the assassinationCould trammel up the consequence, and catchWith his surcease success; that but this blowMight be the be-all and the end-all here,But here, upon this bank and shoal of time,Wed jump the life to come. But in these casesWe still have judgment here; that we but teachBloody instructions, which being taught, returnTo plague the inventor: this even-handed justiceCommends the ingredients of our poisoned chaliceTo our own lips.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7Besides, this DuncanHath borne his faculties so meek, hath beenSo clear in his great office, that his virtuesWill plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, againstThe deep damnation of his taking-off;And pity, like a naked new-born babe,Striding the blast, or heavens cherubim, horsedUpon the sightless couriers of the air,Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye,That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spurTo prick the sides of my intent, but onlyVaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself,And falls on the other.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7 I have boughtGolden opinions from all sorts of people.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7Was the hope drunk,Wherein you dressd yourself? hath it slept since,And wakes it now, to look so green and paleAt what it did so freely? From this timeSuch I account thy love.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7Letting I dare not wait upon I would,Like the poor cat i the adage.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7I dare do all that may become a man;Who dares do more is none.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7I have given suck, and knowHow tender tis to love the babe that milks me:I would, while it was smiling in my face,Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums,And dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as youHave done to this.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7Screw your courage to the sticking-place,And well not fail.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7Bring forth men-children only;For thy undaunted mettle should composeNothing but males.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7 Here are more quotes from Macbeth. 38. False face must hide what the false heart doth know.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1.7 39. Theres husbandry in heaven;Their candles are all out.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.1 40. Is this a dagger which I see before me,The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.Art thou not, fatal vision, sensibleTo feeling as to sight? or art thou butA dagger of the mind, a false creation,Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.1 41. Now oer the one half-worldNature seems dead.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.1 42. Thou sure and firm-set earth,Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fearThy very stones prate of my whereabout.  -William Shakespeare,  Macbeth, 2.1 43. The bell invites me.Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knellThat summons thee to heaven or to hell.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.1 44. That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold,What hath quenched them hath given me fire.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 45. It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal bellman,Which gives the sternst good-night.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 47. The attempt and not the deedConfounds us.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 48. Had he not resembledMy father as he slept I had donet.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 49. Wherefore could I not pronounce Amen?I had most need of blessing, and AmenStuck in my throat.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 50. Methought I heard a voice cry, Sleep no more!Macbeth does murder sleep! the innocent sleep,Sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of care,The death of each days life, sore labors bath,Balm of hurt minds, great natures second course,Chief nourisher in lifes feast.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 51. Glamis hath murdered sleep, and there CawdorShall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 52. I am afraid to think what I have done;Look ont again I dare not.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 53. Infirm of purpose!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 54. Tis the eye of childhoodThat fears a painted devil.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 55. Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this bloodClean from my hand? No, this my hand will ratherThe multitudinous seas incarnadine,Making the green one red.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 56. A little water clears us of this deed.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.2 57. Heres a knocking, indeed! If a man were porter of hell-gate he should have old turning the key. Knock, knock, knock! Whos there, i the name of Beelzebub? Heres a farmer that hanged himself on the expectation of plenty.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 58. This place is too cold for hell. Ill devil-porter it no further: I had thought to have let in some of all professions, that go the primrose way to the everlasting bonfire.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 59. Porter: Drink, sir, is a great provoker of three things. Macduff: What three things does drink especially provoke?Porter: Marry, sir, nose-painting, sleep, and urine. Lechery, sir, it provokes, and unprovokes; it provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 60. The labor we delight in physics pain.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 61. The night has been unruly: where we lay,Our chimneys were blown down; and, as they say,Lamentings heard i the air; strange screams of death,And prophesying with accents terribleOf dire combustion and confused eventsNew hatched to the woeful time. The obscure birdClamored the livelong night: some say the earthWas feverous and did shake.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 62. Tongue nor heartCannot conceive nor name thee!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 63. Confusion now hath made his masterpiece!Most sacrilegious murder hath broke opeThe Lords anointed temple, and stole thenceThe life o the building!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 64. Shake off this downy sleep, deaths counterfeit,And look on death itself! up, up, and seeThe great dooms image!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 65. Had I but lived an hour before this chance,I had lived a blessed time.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 66. Theres daggers in mens smiles.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.3 67. A falcon, towering in her pride of place,Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.4 68. Thriftless ambition, that wilt ravin upThine own lifes means!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 2.4 69. Thou hast it now: King, Cawdor, Glamis, all,As the weird women promised; and, I fear,Thou playdst most foully fort.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.1 70. I must become a borrower of the nightFor a dark hour or twain.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.1 71. Let every man be master of his timeTill seven at night.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.1 72. Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown,And put a barren sceptre in my gripe,Thence to be wrenchd with an unlineal hand,No son of mine succeeding.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.1 73. First Murderer: We are men, my liege.Macbeth: Ay, in the catalogue ye go for men,As hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs,Shoughs, water-rugs, and demi-wolves are cliptAll by the name of dogs.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.1 74. Leave no rubs nor botches in the work.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.1 75. Lady Macbeth: Things without all remedyShould be without regard; whats done is done.Macbeth: We have scotched the snake, not killed it;Shell close and be herself, while our poor maliceRemains in danger of her former tooth.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.2 76. Duncan is in his grave;After lifes fitful fever he sleeps well:Treason has done his worst; nor steel, nor poison,Malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing,Can touch him further.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.2 Here are even more quotes from Macbeth, by William Shakespeare. 77. Ere the bat hath flownHis cloistered flight, ere, to black Hecates summonsThe shard-borne beetle with his drowsy humsHath rung nights yawning peal, there shall be doneA deed of dreadful note.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.2 78. Come, seeling night,Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day,And with thy bloody and invisible handCancel and tear to pieces that great bondWhich keeps me pale! Light thickens, and the crowMakes wing to the rooky wood;Good things of day begin to droop and drowse,Whiles nights black agents to their preys do rouse.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.2 79. Cancel and tear to pieces that great bondWhich keeps me pale! Light thickens, and the crowMakes wing to the rooky wood;Good things of day begin to droop and drowse,Whiles nights black agents to their preys do rouse.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.2 80. Things bad begun make strong themselves by ill.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.2 81. The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day:Now spurs the lated traveller apaceTo gain the timely inn.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.3 82. But now I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound inTo saucy doubts and fears.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 83. Now, good digestion wait on appetite,And health on both!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 84. Thou canst not say I did it; never shakeThy gory locks at me.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 85. What man dare, I dare:Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear,The armed rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger,-Take any shape but that, and my firm nervesShall never tremble.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 86. Hence, horrible shadow!Unreal mockery, hence!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 87. Stand not upon the order of your going,But go at once.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 88. Blood will have blood.William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 89. I am in bloodStepped in so far that, should I wade no more,Returning were as tedious as go oer.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 90. You lack the season of all natures, sleep.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 3.4 91. Round about the cauldron go;In the poisoned entrails throw.Toad, that under cold stoneDays and nights hast thirty-oneSweltered venom sleeping got,Boil thou first i the charmed pot.Double, double toil and trouble;Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 92. Eye of newt and toe of frog,Wool of bat and tongue of dog.Adders fork, and blind-worms sting,Lizards leg, and howlets wing,For a charm of powerful trouble,Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 93. Liver of blaspheming Jew,Gall of goat, and slips of yewSlivered in the moons eclipse,Nose of Turk, and Tartars lips,Finger of birth-strangled babeDitch-delivered by a drab,Make the gruel thick and slab.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 94. By the pricking of my thumbs,Something wicked this way comes.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 95. How now, you secret, black, and midnight hags!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 96. A deed without a name.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 97. Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scornThe power of man, for none of woman bornShall harm Macbeth.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 98. Ill make assurance double sure,And take a bond of fate.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 99. Macbeth shall never vanquished be untilGreat Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hillShall come against him.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1 100. The weird sisters.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.1. 101. When our actions do not,Our fears do make us traitors.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.2 102. He loves us not;He wants the natural touch.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.2 103. Son: And must they all be hanged that swear and lie?Lady Macduff: Every one.Son: Who must hang them?Lady Macduff: Why, the honest men.Son: Then the liars and swearers are fools, for there are liars and swearers enow to beat the honest men, and hang up them.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.2 104. Stands Scotland where it did?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.3 105. Give sorrow words: the grief that does not speakWhispers the oer-fraught heart and bids it break.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.3 106. What, all my pretty chickens and their damAt one fell swoop?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 4.3 107. Out, damned spot! out, I say!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.1 108. Fie, my lord, fie! a soldier, and afeard?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.1 109. Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.1 110. The Thane of Fife had a wife: where is she now?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.1 111. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.1 112. Whats done cannot be undone.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5. 1 113. Foul whisperings are abroad. Unnatural deedsDo breed unnatural troubles; infected mindsTo their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets;More needs she the divine than the physician.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.1 114. Now does he feel his titleHang loose about him, like a giants robeUpon a dwarfish thief.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.2 115. Till Birnam wood remove to Dunsinane,I cannot taint with fear.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.3 116. The devil damn thee black, thou cream-faced loon!Where gottst thou that goose look?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.3 117. I have lived long enough: my way of lifeIs falln into the sere, the yellow leaf;And that which should accompany old age,As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends,I must not look to have; but in their steadCurses, not loud but deep, mouth-honor, breath,Which the poor heart would fain deny, and dare not.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.3 118. Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased,Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow,Raze out the written troubles of the brain,And with some sweet oblivious antidoteCleanse the stuffed bosom of that perilous stuffWhich weighs upon the heart?- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.3 119. The patientMust minister to himself.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.3 Here are even more quotes from Macbeth, by William Shakespeare. 120. Throw physic to the dogs: Ill none of it.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5. 3 121. The cry is still, They come!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.5 122. I have almost forgot the taste of fears.The time has been my senses would have cooledTo hear a night-shriek, and my fell of hairWould at a dismal treatise rouse and stirAs life were int: I have supped full with horrors;Direness, familiar to my slaughterous thoughts,Cannot once start me.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.5 123. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,Creeps in this petty pace from day to dayTo the last syllable of recorded time,And all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor playerThat struts and frets his hour upon the stageAnd then is heard no more: it is a taleTold by an idiot, full of sound and fury,Signifying nothing.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.5 124. I gin to be aweary of the sun,And wish the estate o the world were now undone.Ring the alarum-bell! Blow, wind! come, wrack!At least well die with harness on our back.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.5 125. Those clamorous harbingers of blood and death.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.6 126. I bear a charmed life.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5. 8 127. Macduff was from his mothers wombUntimely ripped.- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.7 128. Lay on, Macduff,And damned be him that first cries, Hold, enough!- William Shakespeare, Macbeth, 5.8

Ethics within the clothing retail sector 02225 Essay

Ethics within the clothing retail sector 02225 - Essay Example In addition, competition is increasing in the high street clothing retail chains. Therefore, they are using the CSR strategies to increase sustainability and growth. During the years 2011 to 2012, they promoted more green production. Alhaddi (2014) stated that retailers are promoting highly recycling products, eco friendly products, and fair trading policies. Clothing retailers are using most emerging technologies for reducing waste in operations. They are adopting socially responsible strategies to maintain the welfare of external stakeholders. Alternate energy resources are being used by the organisations to conserve the conventional resources (Azmat and Zutshi, 2012). In the current study, corporate social responsibility and ethical issues are discussed in depth with the help of different real life ethical firms. The researcher will be using the examples of Next, Arcadia Group, Primark Stores, TK Maxx, Matalan, and New Look Group. Clothing retail firms are facing huge competition in the UK base fashion retail market. Organisations are maintaining ethical strategies in order to achieve sustainability. Corporate social responsibility is one of the major used strategies for increasing sustainability in the international clothing retail market. Organisations are looking for obtaining growth and sustainability. Corporate social responsibilities of the major retail firms are concentrated on the segments like social, ethical and environment. The firms are planning to provide proper value to the external stakeholders. In addition, BubnaLitic (2009) stated that CSR strategies are orienting the equity shareholders in the global financial market. On the contrary, if the investors are not oriented they will not interest or motivated to make the further investment in fashion retailers. Business operations will be controlled efficiently, productively and sensibly by the use of efficient strategies and CSR polices also

An investigation into issues surrounding consumer online purchasing Dissertation

An investigation into issues surrounding consumer online purchasing influenced by Facebook and Twitter - Dissertation Example A primary research method was used and a survey instrument with 30 questions based on the Likert scale was used. This was administered to a research sample of 200 and the responses analysed using SPSS. Findings from the research indicate that fashion firms use a number of methods and tools for promotion. These include Facebook posts, online reviews, and posts about latest events, trends, celebrity wear, online galleries, discounts and promotion codes. In addition they use eWord of Mouth advertising, buzz marketing and viral marketing. Facebook has also introduced Facebook stores that are micro sites for small and medium enterprises and introduced the Facebook Commerce, which is similar to e-Commerce but based on the Facebook marketplace. Facebook users place a high level of reliance and trust on the online reviews and posts and base their purchase decisions on these reviews. The research concludes by indicating that Facebook has emerged as the new marketplace for fashion products sin ce it brings together customers, sellers and hosts promotions and reviews that attract customers. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 13 1. Introduction 13 1.2. Literature review 15 1.2.1. Internet users 15 1.2.3 Online word of mouth 15 1.2.4. Social media 17 1.2.5. Social media marketing 17 1.2.6. Consumer’s purchase decision behaviour 19 1.3. Research Aims and Objectives 21 1.4. Time schedule 21 1.5 Resources 23 2. Literature Review 23 2. Literature Review 23 2.1. Decision making with Facebook 25 2.1.1. Items purchased with social media 29 2.1. 2. Facebook for selling and buying 29 2.1.3. Emergence of Facebook Store 35 2.1.4. Emergence of Facebook F-Commerce 37 2.2. Word of mouth and e-Word of mouth 39 Figure 2.1. Model for branding in eWoM (Jansen, et al, 2009) 39 2.3. Communication through social media 41 2.3.1. Buzz Marketing 43 2.3.2. Viral Marketing 45 2.4. Summary of the literature review 47 3. Methodology 49 3. Methodology 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Research Objectives 51 3.3 Research Philosophy 53 3.3.1 Deductive Approach 53 3.4 Research Design 55 3.4.1 Primary and Secondary Data 55 3.4.2 Quantitative Method 59 3.5 Sampling 61 3.6 Survey 63 3.6.1 Survey Design 63 3.6.2 Survey Limitations 65 3.7 Research Limitations 67 3.8. Summary 67 4. Findings and Analysis 69 4. Findings and Analysis 69 4.1. Analysis of various groups in the survey 69 Q1. I use Facebook to look at fashion items that inspire my own wardrobe. 71 Q2. I enjoy using Facebook because it gives me access to fashion ideas I would not otherwise have. 71 Q3. I use Facebook to look at celebrity styles and fashion items 73 Q4. The fashion item posts I see on Facebook inspire me to buy the same things. 75 Q5. I am compelled to buy fashion items to fit in with my friends who post their items on Facebook. 77 Q6. I use Facebook for fashion inspiration because it is free and I have constant access to it unlike fashion magazines. 77 Q7. I buy fashion items spontaneously 79 Q8. I am easily influe nced to purchase items because of fashion posts 81 Q9. I follow fashion on Facebook because it is updated much quicker than any other modes of media. 81 Q10. Once I purchase a new fashion item I post the details on Facebook 83 Q11. I actively search for fashion advice posted by people and pages on Facebook 85 Q12. I mostly use Facebook to be able to see what everyone else is wearing 87 Q13. I trust in the recommendations on products through Facebook 87 Q14. I take advice from Facebook and research online before a purchasing decision. 89 Q15. I am likely to be influenced to buy a particular brand if it is

Developing country Essay Example for Free

Developing country Essay Today’s world has been divided into developing and industrialised countries which the main difference between them is the amount of money that governments apply in important sectors such as education, health and commerce. Most of the poorer nations are buried in debts as a result of their unbalanced finances which are reflect in a failed health care, an unstructured education system and a weak international trade. This vicious cycle will continue indefinitely unless wealthier nations show interest in minimizing the worldwide economic differences, as well as taking more responsibility for assisting unfortunate countries. Most of the African countries live in sub-human conditions because of the extreme poverty, upheaval, hunger, disease, unemployment, lack of education and both inexperienced and corrupt administrations. The devastating consequences of the AIDS epidemic in those countries could improve if the infected populations receive free drugs to control the disease, have access to health professionals and get information on how to prevent its spread. But this can only be achieved through international help programs in which leaders of the world’s richest countries donate medicine and also send doctors and nurses to treat and educate those in need. Moreover, most of the poor countries rely on selling agricultural products and raw material to rich nations and buying industrialized products from them resulting in a huge financial deficit. Consequently, they borrow a significant amount of money from the World Bank to try to improve their broken economies, but sometimes the money disappears with no significant changes and they cannot even pay the interest to the bank. Regarding this issue, last year the G8, which is comprised of leaders of the eight richest nations, decided to forgive billions of dollars worth of debt owed by the world’s poorest nations. In addition, they developed adequate loan programs to financially assist those countries. In conclusion, leaders of the industrialised countries play an indispensable role in assisting developing nations deal with essential areas such as health, education and trade. Also, their aid is the key to breaking the vicious cycle, which results in poverty and death.

Nuclear Weapon?s Future Essay -- essays research papers fc

For almost a half a century, the United States and the U.S.S.R. fought a nuclear arms war, the â€Å"Cold War.† The â€Å"Cold War† officially ended August 19, 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. Ironically, the war ended without a battle or a shot fired. In fact, nuclear weapons have only been used once. In the Second World War, the United States dropped two nuclear bombs, one on Hiroshima, the other on Nagasaki. So, what is the future of the Nuclear Weapons Policy, housed in the United States? For now, the future seems to lie in reduction and deterrence. In 1991, the United States and Russia signed the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I). According to the treaty, the United States and Russia reduce the number of strategic nuclear warheads deployed by the two countries from 13,000 and 11,000, respectively, to around 8,000 each. The Second treaty (START II), signed in 1993 and ratified in 1996 by the United States says that each nation would further condense their number of deployed warheads to between 3,000 and 4,500, which brings the total to approximately 10,000 nuclear weapons for each side, by the projected 2003 date. START III, which would reduce the level of warheads to 2,000-2,500, cannot be discussed until START II Russia ratifies START II. In addition, nuclear testing ended for both sides and the production of weapon-grade fissile material has stopped. The nuclear treaties leave enough nuclear capability, in both the United States and Russia, to damage an attacking nation. In fact, without Russia and the United St ates nuclear arsenal, there are a little over a thousand weapons divided among the rest of the world, as reported by the Center for Defense Information, as long as all the countries in the world approve Test Ban Treaty. In addition, defense experts believe it would require only a little over a thousand nuclear missiles to fen off an attack. Therefore, neither country needs to fear that they will not have the strength to retaliate. Actually, the United States and its NATO allies retain their Cold War â€Å"weapons of last resort’ doctrine that allows the first use of nuclear weapons if deemed necessary to cope with non-nuclear attacks, and Russia has announced that she will abandon the USSR’s no-first-use pledge for a position similar to NATO’s. ‘â€Å"The US and Russia have 5,000 to 6,000 nuclear missiles ready to launch on 15 minutes notice,’... ...ssile could fight the war and maybe only a few hundred thousand will perish, instead of a million. However, the future seems to pull toward reduction and deterrence. Works Cited Landy, Jonathan S. US Downsizes its Nuclear-Weapons Ambitions (December 24, 1997). The Christian Science Monitor. 14 November 1999. . Nuclear Facts ‘n’ Figures. Center for Defense Information. 14 November 1999. . Summary of the Center for the Security Policy’s High Level Round Table Discussion on the Future of the U.S. Nuclear Deterrence, 15 July 1997, the Ana Hotel, Washington D.C. The Center for Security Policy. 13 November 1999. . The Future of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy: Executive Summary. Academy of Sciences. 12 November 1999. . Newman, Richard J. A U.S. Victory, at a Cost of $5.5 Trillion: The Nuclear-Arms Race Gets a Price Tag (7/13/98). U.S. News & World Report. 1999 Nov 18. .

Dbq on the Medical Field During the 18th Century Essay

The medical field during the eighteenth century was comprised of unsanitary, heinous, and uncustomary practices, such as blood letting, trepanation, and the overcrowding of hospitals. Even though these practices didn’t help in the development of the medical field, there were auspicious practices that were beneficial, such as midwifery, ingrafting, and faith in God. Midwifery, during the 1700’s, was one of the most womanized practices of the century. To get the help of a male midwife was a belittlement to the female midwife and it was also a way of disparaging midwifery (Document 2). Also, midwives were expected to obtain the knowledge of caring for and to the skills for the well-being of women in labor(Document 2). While the conditions of a woman giving birth improved dramatically, so did the reputation of midwifery. Ingrafting was one of the most cogent inventions in medicine in the eighteenth century. Diseases as contagious and fatal as the smallpox were almost eliminated with the invention of ingrafting (Document 3). This procedure was so advantageous that Lady Montagu, an English writer, was â€Å"well satisfied of the safety of the experiment,† that she intended to try it on her own son (Document 3). Ingrafting has also evolved into vaccines that now can cure and treat malignant ailments like the flu and cowpox. Faith in God was a way for people to have mental support for their ailments, even though it didn’t cure or treat any ailment, people still turned to God for aspiration. Many people still believe in the power of prayer and in the power of faith to relieve them of illnesses. This is best stated by William Buchan, an Edinburgh physician, because his statement that the Christian religion teach that, â€Å"the sufferings of this life are designed to prepare us for a future state of happiness. †(Document 7) Medical practices, such as midwifery, ingrafting, and faith in God, of the eighteenth century not only advanced to the benefit of the overall health of the people, but also led to the more advanced practices used today. Although these practices were basic, they are the vital parts of the development of medicine.

Boston Tea Party Essay

On December 16, 1773, a monumental event took place that was crucial to the growth of the American Revolution. This event was known as The Boston Tea Party, taking place in Boston, a city in the British colony of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Patriots were in immense disapproval on how parliament was trying to monopolize the market on American tea importation granted to the East India Company (Boston Tea Party). The East India Company was a failing British corporation. This Company was on the verge of bankruptcy. They had millions of pounds of unsold tea that sat in warehouses. The idea was to persuade English and colonial consumers to buy East India Company tea to save one of Britain’s largest corporations. In order to make this happen, British Parliament proposed the Tea Act of 1773. The Tea Act allowed the East India Company to sell through agents in America without paying the taxes normally collected in Britain, which allowed the company to undersell even smugglers in the colonies (David Goldfield). What drew major controversy with the Tea Act was that it retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies. The colonists objected to the Tea Act. They believed that this act violated their rights to â€Å"No taxation without representation,† which meant that they would only be taxed by their own elected representatives and not by the British Parliament that did not represent them. Regardless of what the colonists thought, consignees were selected in Boston, New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia, and then 500,000 pounds of tea were shipped across the Atlantic in September. The first tea ship, Dartmouth, reached Boston November 27, and two more were sent shortly after that. There were several meetings held demanding that the tea be sent back to England with the duty not paid for. Tension was rising when patriot groups tried to persuade the consignees and the governor to accept this approach. On December 16th, citizens, some disguised as Mohawk Indians, pushed toward Griffin’s Wharf and boarded the tea ships (Boston Tea Party). In a course of three hours they dumped three hundred and forty two chests of tea into the harbor, turning it into a teapot (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). The chests held more than 90,000 pounds of tea, which would cost nearly $1,000,000 dollars today (Boston Tea Party). There were certainly several participants and witnesses to the accounts of what occurred at the Boston Tea Party. Although all of the participants were taking part in the same event, their memories of their accounts do seem to differ. The first thing that I noticed was the number of participants. David Kinnison, the longest surviving participant from the Boston Tea Party, claims that there were only 24 men involved (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). His statement matches up well with Samuel Cooper, a participant that was just 16 at the time, who claims that there were around 20 men (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). Then you have John Andrews, claiming that there were around 200 citizens dressed as Indians. Another thing that seems unclear is the way the ships were taken over (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). George Hewes, a Boston shoemaker and participant, states that they were divided into 3 groups, one for each ship. Joshua Wyeth, also a participant, who was only just 16, also states that they took to the three ships at the same time. On the other hand, the Massachusetts Gazette states that they worked their way from ship to ship, after emptying one ship they would move to the next. There are many differences in the accounts of what exactly happened at the Boston Tea Party, which I think helps decipher the truthful accounts from the fabricated ones (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). Most of the witnesses that were actually a part of the Boston Tea Party had testimonies that were exceptionally similar. I believe the only thing that may have caused them to be slightly different would be the fact that it was a little over half a century later when they were trying to recollect the events. I also think that the participants swearing to secrecy had an impact on some of the misleading information, such as the discrepancy on the number of participants. Most of the participants had mentioned around 20 men being involved, when in fact the number was found to be a lot greater than that. The participants in the destruction did not even acknowledge each other even when boarding the ships, breaking open the chests and dumping the tea, so of course they are not going to be truthful about how many citizens were actually involved. I also believe that some of the information misinterpreted for fabrication might be due to the participant not writing their story themselves. George Hewes account of what happened was written by him, Joshua Wyeth’s account was recorded from his words, Samuel Cooper’s came directly from him also. All of these accounts seemed to be relatively similar; where as accounts that were retold by biographers may have changed along the way. Also, participants stories did not coincide on what time the event was actually over. John Andrews wrote that before nine o’clock every chest was destroyed, but Samuel Cooper’s account placed the end of the destruction at ten o’clock (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). Considering that Samuel Cooper had a role in this momentous event, I would give him the benefit of the doubt as to telling the truth of when the event actually came to an end (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). Another person who played an interesting role in the Boston Tea Party was Paul Revere. Revere felt strongly about the movement toward political independence from Great Britain. He was a very well rounded artisan and intellectual. Revere was a silversmith whose work brought him in close contact with patriots like John Hancock and Samuel Adams. He used his talents to support the colonial struggle against Britain. Revere soon assumed the role of a leader, along with Adams, of the Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty were a secret patriotic organization formed in 1765 to prevent the Stamp Act (Paul Revere). The Sons of Liberty also organized the Boston Tea Party. Revere was also one of the many patriots who dressed up as an Indian and took part in the Boston Tea Party Protest against parliamentary taxation without representation (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). After the Tea Party, Revere was sent by the citizens of Boston to deliver news of the party to the other colonists in New York and Philadelphia. When he returned, he was appointed one of 25 men by the citizens of Boston to stand guard over the tea bearing vessels, in order to prevent the overexcited townspeople from doing further damage to the ship (Facts on Paul Revere). I would say Paul Revere played a significant role in the Boston Tea Party; he played the part of a ringleader and was a very influential role model. The acts that he participated in would not be condoned by Britain. The Boston Tea Party ultimately captured the attention of Parliament and produced a furious reaction. A lot of people in America and also in Britain were surprised about the destruction of property in the Tea Party. Parliament decided that this epic event demanded an immediate display of power. In the spring of 1774, parliament passed a series of totalitarian measures to be known as the Coercive Acts. These acts included the Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the tea and uncollected duties. The Massachusetts Government Act, this act stated that members of the governor’s council and sheriffs would be appointed rather than elected and limited the number of town meetings that could be held without the governor’s prior approval. The Administration of Justice Act, which allowed any British soldier or official who was charged with a crime to be tried in England, where they would most likely receive a slap on the wrist. The Quartering Act of 1774 permitted the army to lodge soldiers in any civilian building if necessary. All of these acts were in response to the Boston Tea Party and attempts of Britain to gain royal control. Most colonists referred to these acts as the Intolerable Acts rather than the Coercive Acts, they viewed these acts as a threat to liberty in the colonies. The spirit of protest began to spread, more and more colonists became politicized. They began to realize their common interests as Americans and their differences from the British. America was starting to rebel, but had not yet launched a revolution (David Goldfield). Although, the acts they were taking were starting to have a major influence on America. The Boston Tea Party effected America in many ways. There were a lot of different factors and rebellious acts that eventually snowballed into war, but I would say the Boston Tea Party was the most significant. The passing of the Coercive Acts and parliaments refusal to revoke them led to a great deal of disgruntlement from the colonists. The Boston Tea party most definitely sparked the Revolution, which may have otherwise been delayed or never happened at all.

Exposition in Literature the Ultimate Guide with 19 Examples

Exposition in Literature the Ultimate Guide with 19 Examples Exposition in Literature: the Ultimate Guide with 19 Examples If you’ve ever cringed while reading a book (or watching a movie) because the characters are clearly just repeating information for the benefit of the audience, you’ll know just why exposition in literature is so important to get right. But it’s a tricky line to walk: too little exposition and your audience won’t understand a thing about what’s happening. Too much exposition runs the risk of readers complaining that your book is boring and badly-written.This post will help you define just what exposition is - and how you can write it in a way that captures readers’ attentions. Or, if you’d simply like to see it in action, please jump right to our 19 exposition examples. How to write exposition in literature: a guide for all fiction writers! What is exposition in literature?Exposition is a literary device that introduces key background information to the reader. This might include anything from a character’s backstory to a description of the setting. Note that it should not be confused with the exposition in the three-act story structure, which refers to the entire first stage of a story (where, similarly, important details are established).Though exposition is necessary for nearly every single story, it’s a hard thing to get right. Indeed, you might already be familiar with the infamous â€Å"information dump,† which is essentially poorly-executed exposition that becomes walls of text that your reader hastily skips past. At its worst, exposition that’s badly written will make your audience put down your book altogether. How to avoid 'information-dumping' in this post - and more To avoid such a scenario, exposition should always be pertinent to the story itself. As Kurt Vonnegut once said: â€Å"Every sentence must do one of two things: reveal character or advance the action.† We can (and should) apply this guideline to exposition as well. It might be tempting to spill everything you know about the world and characters that you’ve lovingly created - but while you might know the world of your book down to the precise direction in which a blade of grass grows, readers won’t care if it’s not relevant to the story. Specifically, the conflict.The importance of conflict and expositionIn his book, The Art of Fiction, essayist and author John Gardner advised, â€Å"No important information in the exposition should be irrelevant to the action that ensues.† John Yorke echoed a similar point in Into the Woods: How Stories Work And Why We Tell Them:All good exposition is disguised by making it dramatic – by injecting conflict. Desire, in story structure, should always be countered by an opposite desire, and this in turn creates the conflict the drama needs. Exposition works when it’s a tool a character uses to achieve their desire. If this desire is confronted with opposition, conflict is generated and exposition becomes invisible. The greater the conflict, the less visible the exposition.If the million-dollar question here is how to present information (that your characters should already know) in a natural and organic manner to new readers, conflict is the answer. Tying exposition into conflict will drive the central premise of the story forward while establishing the important pieces of information that you need in order to tell the story. Luckily, there are many ways to do this, from dialogue to narration. What are the Six Types of Conflict in Literature? (with Examples) Read post Thinking that this is easier said than done? For a look at how authors have approached writing exposition in literature in the past, here are 19 exposition examples  from famous works. 19 exposition examples from Pride and Prejudice (and more) to show you how to get exposition right! What are some exposition examples in literature?As you probably know, language can be used in a million possible ways to convey a point. That said, authors generally depend on a few common ways to insert exposition into the text of the story:Exposition through dialogueExposition through narrationExposition through internal monologueExposition through special devicesWithout further ado, let’s get into these exposition examples in famous works of literature.Exposition through dialogueDialogue is one of the most organic ways to introduce exposition. In particular, exposition through dialogue is a prime example of the #1 writing rule, â€Å"Show, don’t tell.† Instead of telling readers the key detail that a group of boys are stranded on an island because of a plane crash, the author can show that through a conversation (as you’ll be able to see soon). However, it’s important that your dialogue doesn’t sound too forced when you’re trying to impart information to the reader. If you’d like to learn more about the mechanics of dialogue (and how to write it correctly), go here for this master guide. Otherwise, let’s take a look at how some authors reveal key expository details through dialogue.To improve your handling of exposition dialogue, take a look at this list of practical dialogue exercises. Learn how to master dialogue in your bookEnter your email below and select 'Writing - Writing Dialogue That Develops Plot and Character' in the drop-down menu of the next pop-up to sign up for our free, 10-day course. Authors can set up situations through a few lines of dialogue:â€Å"My dear Mr. Bennet,† said his lady to him one day, â€Å"have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?†Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.â€Å"But it is,† returned she; â€Å"for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.†Mr. Bennet made no answer.â€Å"Do you not want to know who has taken it?† cried his wife impatiently.â€Å"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.†This was invitation enough.â€Å"Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.†- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (establishing the entrance of Mr. Bingley to Netherfield)"This is an island. At least I think it's an island. That's a reef out in the sea. Perhaps there aren't any grownups anywhere."The fat boy looked startled."There was that pilot. But he wasn't in the passenger cabin, he was up in front."The fair boy was peering at the reef through screwed-up eyes."All them other kids," the fat boy went on. "Some of them must have got out. They must have, mustn't they?- William Golding, Lord of the Flies (explaining the plane crash that brought the boys to the island)Through dialogue, authors can â€Å"show† the relationship between characters, instead of â€Å"telling† it:KING CLAUDIUS Take thy fair hour, Laertes; time be thine, And thy best graces spend it at thy will! But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son,HAMLET [Aside] A little more than kin, and less than kind.KING CLAUDIUS How is it that the clouds still hang on you?HAMLET Not so, my lord; I am too much i' the sun.- Shakespeare, Hamlet (establishing the relationship between Hamlet and King Claudius)Exposition through narrationExposition through narration is the most standard way to think about this literary device. By nature, the narrator chooses what to reveal and what background details are important enough to be said in the text.Now, how the exposition is revealed might differ depending on the point of view used in the book, which you’ll see in the following exposition examples. Take heed as you explore this technique yourself: exposition through narration is the biggest perpetrator of the infamous â€Å"information dump,† which is a beginner mistake to avoid.Let’s take a look at how an omniscient narrator (who knows everything and can see into every character’s minds) might handle exposition:This hobbit was a very well-to-do hobbit, and his name was Baggins. The Bagginses had lived in the neighbourhood of The Hill for t ime out of mind, and people considered them very respectable, not only because most of them were rich, but also because they never had any adventures or did anything unexpected: you could tell what a Baggins would say on any question without the bother of asking him.- JRR Tolkien, The Hobbit (explaining Bilbo Baggins’ background)About thirty years ago Miss Maria Ward, of Huntingdon, with only seven thousand pounds, had the good luck to captivate Sir Thomas Bertram, of Mansfield Park, in the county of Northampton, and to be thereby raised to the rank of a baronet's lady, with all the comforts and consequences of an handsome house and large income. All Huntingdon exclaimed on the greatness of the match, and her uncle, the lawyer, himself, allowed her to be at least three thousand pounds short of any equitable claim to it. She had two sisters to be benefited by her elevation; and such of their acquaintance as thought Miss Ward and Miss Frances quite as handsome as Miss Maria, d id not scruple to predict their marrying with almost equal advantage. But there certainly are not so many men of large fortune in the world as there are pretty women to deserve them.- Jane Austen, Mansfield Park (setting the grounds for Fanny Price’s arrival at Mansfield Park)He was old enough, twelve years and a few months, to have lost the prominent tummy of childhood and not yet old enough for adolescence to have made him awkward. You could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, but there was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil.- William Golding, Lord of the Flies (introducing Ralph in the book)Now here are some exposition examples used in books that are narrated in third-person limited:Catelyn had been anointed with the seven oils and named in the rainbow of light that filled the sept of Riverrun. She was of the Faith, like her father and grandfather and his father before him. Her gods had names, and their faces were as familiar as the faces of her parents. Worship was a septon with a censer, the smell of incense, a seven-sided crystal alive with light, voices raised in song. The Tullys kept a godswood, as all the great houses did, but it was only a place to walk or read or lie in the sun. Worship was for the sept.- George R.R. Martin, Game of Thrones (establishing Catelyn Stark’s backstory and religious tendencies)Of all the unusual things about Harry, this scar was the most extraordinary of all. It was not, as the Dursleys had pretended for ten years, a souvenir of the car crash that had killed Harry’s parents, because Lily and James Potter had not died in a car crash. They had been murdered, murdered by the most feared Dark wizard for a hundred years, Lord Voldemort. Harry had escaped from the same attack with nothing more than a scar on his forehead, where Voldemort’s curse, instead of killing him, had rebounded upon its originator. Barely alive, Volde mort had fled†¦But Harry had come face-to-face with him at Hogwarts. Remembering their last meeting as he stood at the dark window, Harry had to admit he was lucky even to have reached his thirteenth birthday.- J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (explaining the events of past books in the series)As usual, the face of Emmanuel Goldstein, the Enemy of the People, had flashed on to the screen. There were hisses here and there among the audience. The little sandy-haired woman gave a squeak of mingled fear and disgust. Goldstein was the renegade and backslider who once, long ago (how long ago, nobody quite remembered), had been one of the leading figures of the Party, almost on a level with Big Brother himself, and then had engaged in counter-revolutionary activities, had been condemned to death, and had mysteriously escaped and disappeared. The programmes of the Two Minutes Hate varied from day to day, but there was none in which Goldstein was not the principal figure. He was the primal traitor, the earliest defiler of the Party’s purity.- George Orwell, 1984 (explaining who Emmanuel Goldstein is)Lastly, a first-person narrator can easily slip in exposition to establish key details about themselves or their story:Now the way that the book winds up is this: Tom and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got six thousand dollars apiece- all gold. It was an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, Judge Thatcher he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece all the year round- more than a body could tell what to do with. The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn’t stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back.- Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (establishing Huck Finn’s backstory)I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of his tombstone and my sister,- Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith. As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies regarding what they were like were unreasonably derived from their tombstones.- Charles Dickens, Great Expectations (establishing Pip’s backstory)Mom pulled into the circular driveway behind the church at 4:56. I pretended to fiddle with my oxygen tank for a second just to kill time."Do you want me to carry it in for you?""No, it's fine," I said. The cylindrical green tank only weighed a few pounds, and I had this little steel cart to wheel it around behind me. It delivered two liters of oxygen to me each minute through a cannula, a transparent tube that split just beneath my neck, wrapped behind my ears, and then reunited in my nostrils. The contraption was necessary because my lungs sucked at being lungs.- John Green, Fault in Our Stars (explaining why Hazel Lancaster needs a tank at all times)My family have been prominent, well-to-do people in this Middle Western city for three generations. The Carraways are something of a clan, and we have a tradition that we’re descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch, but the actual founder of my line was my grandfather’s brother, who came here in fifty-one, sent a substitute to the Civil War, and started the wholesale hardware business that my father carries on to-day.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (establishing Nick Carraway’s roots)I resolved, in the depth of my heart, that I would be most moderate- most correct; and, having reflected a fe w minutes in order to arrange coherently what I had to say, I told her all the story of my sad childhood. Exhausted by emotion, my language was more subdued than it generally was when it developed that sad theme; and mindful of Helen’s warnings against the indulgence of resentment, I infused into the narrative far less of gall and wormwood than ordinary. Thus restrained and simplified, it sounded more credible: I felt as I went on that Miss Temple fully believed me.- Charlotte Brontà «, Jane Eyre (establishing the state of Jane Eyre’s childhood)Exposition through internal monologueInternal monologue is exactly what it sounds like: text that gives readers a direct glimpse into a character’s inner thoughts and feelings. As you might have guessed, it’s another way through which authors can insert exposition.Remember when Kurt Vonnegut said that a sentence ought to do one of two things - reveal character or advance the action? Well, exposition through inte rnal monologue is particularly useful for the former, as we’ll show you now.Exposition shown through internal monologue can establish key expository details while advancing character development, as we can now see into the character’s mind:The elevator doors close just as Luisa Rey reaches them, but the unseen occupant jams them with his cane. ‘Thank you,’ says Luisa to the old man. ‘Glad the age of chivalry isn’t totally dead.’He gives a grave nod of acknowledgment.Hell, Luisa thinks, he looks like he’s been given a week to live.- David Mitchell, Cloud Atlas (establishing the character of Luisa Rey)There was only one occupant at the moment, obviously the young English lady referred to by the conductor. She was tall, slim and dark- perhaps twenty-eight years of age. There was a kind of cool efficiency in the way she was eating her breakfast and in the way she called to the attendant to bring her more coffee which bespoke a knowl edge of the world and of travelling.She wore a dark-coloured travelling dress of some thin material eminently suitable for the heated atmosphere of the train. M. Hercule Poirot, having nothing better to do, amused himself by studying her without appearing to do so.She was, he judged, the kind of young woman who could take care of herself with perfect ease wherever she went. She had poise and efficiency. He rather liked the severe regularity of her features and the delicate pallor of her skin. He liked the burnished black head with its neat waves of hair, and her eyes- cool, impersonal and grey. But she was, he decided, just a little too efficient to be what he called â€Å"jolie femme.†- Agatha Christie, Murder on the Orient Express (establishing the character of Mary Debenham)Her only gift was knowing people almost by instinct, she thought, walking on. If you put her in a room with some one, up went her back like a cat’s; or she purred.- Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dallowa y (establishing the character of Mrs. Dalloway)Exposition through other devicesFinally, you might see authors introduce key story details through some special devices - namely, other forms of media, such as newspaper clippings, letters, or emails. This kind of exposition helps establish a sense of immediacy, as readers are able to experience the piece of information for themselves.Newspaper clippings allow readers to read a key piece of information for themselves:Harry held the paper up to the candlelight and read:BLACK STILL AT LARGESirius Black, possibly the most infamous prisoner ever to be held in Azkaban fortress, is still eluding capture, the Ministry of Magic confirmed today.â€Å"We are doing all we can to recapture Black,† said the Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge, this morning, â€Å"and we beg the magical community to remain calm.†Fudge has been criticized by some members of the International Federation of Warlocks for informing the Muggle Prime Minister of the crisis.â€Å"Well, really, I had to, don’t you know,† said an irritable Fudge. â€Å"Black is mad. He’s a danger to anyone who crosses him, magic or Muggle. I have the Prime Minister’s assurance that he will not breathe a word of Black’s true identity to anyone. And let’s face it - who’d believe him if he did?†While Muggles have been told that Black is carrying a gun (a kind of metal wand that Muggles use to kill each other), the magical community lives in fear of a massacre like that of twelve years ago, when Black murdered thirteen people with a single curse.- J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (explaining why Sirius Black is a menace to society)Letters function in much the same way, letting the audience experience a piece of information at the same time that the characters do:Howards End, Sunday.â€Å"Dearest, dearest Meg,- I do not know what you will say: Paul and I are in love- the younger son who only came here Wednesday.†- E.M. Forster, Howard’s End (explaining a key incident in the book)Looking beyond expositionWhen you're writing your novel, remember that the exposition is just one part of a much bigger whole. It must combine smoothly with the story structure, action, and character development in order for your novel to come to life in the reader's eyes.What's more, there's no need to get it perfect the first time around. That's what editing is for! If you need a helping hand as you're fixing the exposition of your novel, consider taking this free course that's taught by Fictionary CEO Kristina Stanley. It's all about story editing, scene-by-scene.How do you find writing exposition in literature? Do you have any approach that you particularly like? Leave your thoughts in the comments!

Element Group 15 - Nitrogen Family Facts

Element Group 15 - Nitrogen Family Facts The nitrogen family is element group 15 of the periodic table. Nitrogen family elements share a similar electron configuration pattern and follow predictable trends in their chemical properties. Also Known As: Elements belonging to this group are also known as pnictogens, at term derived from the Greek word pnigein, which means to choke. This refers to the choking property of nitrogen gas (as opposed to air, which contains oxygen as well as nitrogen). One way of remembering the identity of the pnictogen group is to remember the word starts with the symbols of two of its elements (P for phosphorus and N for nitrogen). The element family may also be termed pentels, which refers both to the elements formerly belonging to element group V and their characteristic of having 5 valence electrons. List of Elements in the Nitrogen Family The nitrogen family consists of five elements, which start with nitrogen on the periodic table and move down the group or column: nitrogenphosphorusarsenicantimonybismuth Its likely element 115, moscovium, also exhibits traits of the nitrogen family. Nitrogen Family Facts Here are some facts about the nitrogen family: Nitrogen family elements consists of atoms having 5 electrons in their outer energy level. Two of the electrons are in the s subshell, with 3 unpaired electrons in the ​p subshell.As you move down the nitrogen family: atomic radius increases, ionic radius increases, ionization energy decreases, and electronegativity decreases.Nitrogen family elements often form covalent compounds, usually with the oxidation numbers 3 or 5.Nitrogen and phosphorus are nonmetals. Arsenic and antimony are metalloids. Bismuth is a metal.Except for nitrogen, the elements are solid at room temperature.Element density increases moving down the family.Except for nitrogen and bismuth, the elements exist in two or more allotropic forms.Nitrogen family elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. Their compounds may be transparent, either diamagnetic or paramagnetic at room temperature, and may conduct electricity when heated. Because the atoms form double or triple bonds, the compou nds tend to be stable and potentially toxic. Element facts include crystal data for the most common allotropes and data for white phosphorus. Uses of Nitrogen Family Elements Two of the elements, nitrogen and phosphorus, are essential for life.Most of the Earths atmosphere consists of nitrogen gas, N2. Diatomic pnictogen molecules like this may be called pnictides. Because of their valence, pnictide atoms are connected by a covalent triple bond.Phosphorus is used in matches, fireworks, and fertilizer. Its also used to make phosphoric acid.Arsenic is toxic. It has been used as a poison and as a rodenticide.Antimony finds use in alloys.Bismuth is used in medications, paint, and as a catalyst. Nitrogen Family - Group 15 - Element Properties N P As Sb Bi melting point (Â °C) -209.86 44.1 817 (27 atm) 630.5 271.3 boiling point (Â °C) -195.8 280 613 (sublimes) 1750 1560 density (g/cm3) 1.25 x 10-3 1.82 5.727 6.684 9.80 ionization energy (kJ/mol) 1402 1012 947 834 703 atomic radius (pm) 75 110 120 140 150 ionic radius (pm) 146 (N3-) 212 (P3-) 76 (Sb3+) 103 (Bi3+) usual oxidation number -3, +3, +5 -3, +3, +5 +3, +5 +3, +5 +3 hardness (Mohs) none (gas) 3.5 3.0 2.25 crystal structure cubic (solid) cubic rhombohedral hcp rhombohedral Reference: Modern Chemistry (South Carolina). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Harcourt Education (2009).

Explain how the company's global strategy operates Research Paper

Explain how the company's global strategy operates - Research Paper Example People visit Starbucks owing to its reputation and the status symbol it has built for itself. The business model of Starbucks is a well-repudiated and successful one worldwide. The report throws light on the success of the international strategies that are undertaken by the company and also examines the position of the company in the global market. The coffee giant has also encountered with a lot of challenges in the international as well as the national market. The last section of the report regards certain recommendations to overcome the challenges that are faced by the company in the international market (Speiser, 2003). Starbucks Corporation Starbucks Corporation is a global coffee giant and coffee house chain which is headquartered in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest coffee company in world that owns around 20,891 coffee stores in sixty-three countries worldwide. In United States (US), it has 13,279 stores and target to channelize their services to every corner of the worl d with coffee and merchandise. The Starbucks coffee shops offers cold and hot beverages, bean coffee, full leaf teas, pastries and snacks. Apart from these, Starbucks also provides with entertainment products such as books, film and music CDs. The ice cream brand of Starbucks is also offered at the grocery stores (Peng, 2009). Every day billions of people worldwide sip into the coffee mugs at Starbucks at any time of the day just to enjoy the taste of the coffee with their friends, families and loved ones. There has been an increase in demand in coffee industry and with it the competition has increased. The main competition in the coffee industry started in 2007 after the sales of coffee rose up to 50% (Burritt, 2007). Thus, Starbucks have faced certain challenges from their competitors. Global Strategy of Starbucks Corporation The global strategies that are developed by the company can be explained through the expansion plans and more which are explained in this section. Competitiv e Strategy Starbucks concentrates on serving a niche segment of consumers which the rivals are incapable of doing. Starbucks attracts coffee lovers and even non-lovers of coffee by providing brewed coffee and delicious snacks and ice creams which are unbeatable in their standards. The gossip over the coffee and snacks are much enjoyed when it is in Starbucks as the environment is very comfortable. Thus, the company concentrates more on comfort of the customers so that they feel at home and visit the shops often (Virginia’s community colleges, 2013). Four Fold Strategy The Starbucks chain has inserted the booming coffee culture in the American urban society easily with the four fold strategy which is as follows: a. Market segmentation: The Company has planned for market segmentation plan after making a rigorous market research. The market research included the tastes and preferences of the people. The company has always maintained its high position in the coffee market. It com petes with its rivals on the grounds of comfort and not in terms of convenience. The closest competitors are Dunkin Donuts and McDonald (Ghemawat, 2007). b. A superb leadership: The founder of the company, Howard Schultz has worked hard for innovating products which will attract

Visual Arts Experimental Drawing - Research Project Paper

Visual Arts Experimental Drawing - Project - Research Paper Example Hopper first attended New York School of Art and Design, where he was shocked at the prospect of drawing live nudes. His choice of subjects was mostly boats and women, still life and natural landscapes. He was influenced by Manet and Degas and particularly loved Rembrandt’s use of light and dark shadows in Nightwatch, and the work of French engraver Charles Meryon. He hated illustrations but was forced by economic circumstances to work at a copywriting agency during his early professional life. After his father died he moved to and lived in his Washington Square apartment in New York’s Greenwich Village for the rest of his life (Kuh, 53). Hopper got his subject matter from both seascapes and landscapes and scenes in contemporary American life. His Girl at a Sewing Machine (1921) shows a girl at work on this machine, deeply involved as the sunlight comes into her room and lights it up. His work often depicts the solitude he felt in life. Hopper’s most celebrated p ainting is Nighthawks (1942) which is famous for its attention to detail, cinematic perspective and use of electric light set against the contrast of the night outside. It shows a group of people at a diner. Hopper’s Girlie Show (1941) is one of his more audacious pieces, where a red headed striptease is seen moving confidently across a stage as musicians play in the background (Barbara, 158). Works Cited Haskell, Barbara. Modern Life: Edward Hopper and His Time. Hamburg: Bucerius Kunst Forum, 2009. Print. Kuh, Katharine. Interview with Edward Hopper in Katherine Kuh, The Artist's Voice: Talks with Seventeen Artists. New York: Di Capo Press, 2000. Print. Levin, Gail. Edward Hopper: An Intimate Biography. New York: Knopf, 1995. Print. Lisa Milroy Born in Vancouver Canada in 1959, Lisa Milroy moved to London in 1979 and has been living and working there since then. She first studied at the Universite de Paris-Sorbonne in 1977–78 for a short while before moving on to Lond on’s St Martin's School of Art in 1978–79. She completed her art studies at the University of London, UK from 1979 to 1982. Lisa’s first solo art exhibition took place in 1984. She was also given the 1989 John Moore Painting Prize. Lisa currently teaches at the Slade School of Fine Art in London. As an artist, Lisa Milroy is famous for painting everyday items like vases, clothes and shoes in the form of collections. Milroy also paints objects in formations like in the shape of grids, lines, groups, rows and columns which she likes to create on plain backgrounds. Quite often Lisa’s arrangements of objects are influenced by their functional identity. For instance, stamps transform into islands for the eyes to travel between or wheels move forward at a dizzying visual pace. Handles (1989) won for Lisa the John Moores Award. This is a depiction of various handles of different types all spaced evenly through the work and can be viewed as a combination of lines dots and circles, assembled or spaced as in a catalog. The lack of color is intriguing and one cannot help wanting to pull on the handles to see if they work (Walker Art Gallery). Handles, 1989. Her painting Shoes (1985) shows a collection of shoes evenly spaced but in different configurations as to positions. Not one is repeated, they all